ABSTRACT
Background: Virtual bronchoscopy is a noninvasive tool for assessing the airway. It can be used along with multiplanar CT scan for better assessment of endobronchial tree. A lot of researches has been conducted in various parts of the world weather CT bronchoscopy can replace actual flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. We aimed to explore the utility of virtual bronchoscopy (VB) for evaluation of tracheobronchial lesions and weather this can be helpful for pulmonologist for better assessment of airway while using real time flexible bronchoscopy. Our age group comprised of patients from 21 years to a maximum a Results : ge of 80 years with a mean age of 52.6 years. VB was better in detecting external compression with a Kappa value of 0.68. VB had a moderate agreement with FOB to detect endoluminal lesions with kappa value of 0.70. None of the mucosal changes detected by FOB was detected by VB. In detecting obstructive lesions VB substantially agreed with FOB with a kappa value of 0.8. Moderate agreement was seen by VB in detecting both malignant and non-malignant lesions vompared to FOB. Virtual bronchoscopy when used in conjunction with axial CT Conclusion: images can enhance diagnostic accuracy of bronchial pathologies. VB cannot replace conventional bronchoscopy due to associated disadvantages such as the inability to perform a biopsy, the inability to detect mucosal infiltration, the relatively low specificity rate when compared to high sensitivity rates, and the inability to offer real-time evaluation
ABSTRACT
Varicose veins are one associated aspect of evolution that humans could have happily lived without. It's almost certainly the price we pay for the two-legged erect posture. Though we have achieved cure for various diseases, till now no reliable cure has been found for venous insufficiency.The gold standard for treating chronic venous insufficiency has been surgery. The surgeon dealing with varicose veins has always had to strike a balance between an aesthetically pleasing outcome and a low rate of recurrence and complications. Sclerotherapy, which was first used over 150 years ago, is still the most efficient method for permanently removing pathologically swollen as well as cosmetically unpleasant but otherwise normal veins.Foam sclerotherapy, in which the sclerosant is mixed with air or physiological gases, is more effective than direct injection of sclerosants, because the agent's contact with the endothelium is prolonged by the air in the foam. The use of foam sclerotherapy for big veins has reduced recurrence rates. Large-scale researches have demonstrated the safety of foam sclerotherapy. Foam sclerotherapy has a recurrence rate that is comparable to surgery. The efficacy of foam sclerotherapy has been variable as per different studies across different institutions